Activity profile between winners and losers in Silat Olahraga Women Category Class C 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to identify the performance indicator between winning and losing in Silat. There are three selected match from women categories Class C which are first match Indonesia versus Singapore, second match Indonesia versus Philippines, and last match Vietnam versus Indonesia. The data analysis collected from 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Besides that, there is 14 indicators that have been analyses, but only four indicator were been for the discussion. The four important indicator were been discuss such as, punch, kick, sweep and topple. The notational analysis was used to record the all outcomes such as hit target, hit elsewhere and miss opponent indicators. The result show, Indonesia had won in two match in quarter final and semi final women Class C.

Introduction:
Silat is a form of martial art and the type of self-defense that originated from Asian. It is called as a tradition practiced in Southern Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, Brunei, Philippines and Malaysia. Silat can be divided into two categories which are Silat Seni and Silat Olahraga. According to Anuar (1993) silat olahraga is a sport that existed in the midst of development of thousands of silat schools in Archipelago. Olahraga means the ability for a silat exponent to perform their silat technique in combat with striking and defensive actions such as punching, kicking, tossing, parrying, blocking and any skill that related to silat techniques.
Past research recorded the coded technique as a part of defensive and offensive movements, for example, mixed-martial arts, boxing and Muay Thai. There are 11 classes, which starts from class A until class K (Latiff, 2012) but for this purpose of study, the class category that will be taken is in woman categorized from class C only. The purpose of this study was to identify the activity profile between winning and losing in Silat match.


Materials and method:
The data have been collected from 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015, which women category Class C. The sources of match videos were found from Youtube.  Every match require three rounds in total fighting. By watching the videos, the matches has been used to notated and analyzed in this study. The video could be paused and played back to notate the each movement category. The frequency, mean and standard deviation of the performance were calculated subsequently. The methods used for analyze were video analysis and hand notational. The notational analysis was used to record the all outcomes such as hit target, hit elsewhere and miss opponent indicators. There were 14 types of indicators used to analyze the matches.

Motion categories:
Silat exponent’s motions were coded into 14 types of indicators and were defined as follows:

i.          Block
The blocking developments start with the stance position 'sikap pasang', which is the type stands straight with his hands around his body or hidden from everyone else. Blocking or repelling 'tangkisan' should be possible utilizing arms, elbows and legs with the reason to close off or striking back at any attack (Shapie et al., 2013).

ii.        Block and Kick
The blocking strategy is utilized to obstruct any hand or leg assault from the opponent and took after by counter attack utilizing the leg to kick the opponent. (Shapie et al., 2013).

iii.      Block and sweep
The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using sweeping technique to the opponent (Shapie et al., 2013).

iv.      Kick
The kick 'tendang/terajang' is an assaulting development which is performed with one leg or two legs all the while. It can be front kick 'tendang depan', side-kick 'depak' or semi-roundabout side kick 'tendang lengkar' (Shapie et al., 2013).

v.        Fake kick
An action which a silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake kick to break his opponent defensive posture (Shapie et al, 2013).

vi.      Punch
The punch 'tumbuk' assault is finished by a hand with a shut clench hand hitting the objective. In silat punching is regularly used to fight the opponent. (Shapie et al, 2013).

vii.    Fake Punch
An action which a silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake punch to break his opponent’s defensive posture (Shapie et al., 2013).

viii.  Self Release
Self release 'lepas tangkapan' strategy is a system to unlock any secure or catch from an opponent (Shapie et al., 2013).

ix.      Topple
There are different methods for toppling down one's opponent. For illustration, a silat example 'pesilat' can either push, push the opponent's back leg from the sack or from the side, shove, hit, kick, strike or punch to influence the rival to lose his adjust. Each fall is viewed as substantial as long as the silat exponent topples his opponent down without wrestling or he is able to overpower the rival whom he has cut down (Shapie et al., 2013).

x.        Sweep
Swiping 'sapuan' includes assaulting an opponent's leg which are on the ground to unstabilise him and convey down to the ground. Hence, front breadth 'sapuan depan' is finished by swinging the leg to the front to push a rival's front leg, while back scope 'sapuan belakang' is done by swinging the leg in reverse to hit the back leg (Shapie et al., 2013).

xi.      Catch
The catch 'tangkapan' is finished by utilizing the hand to discourage the rival from completing an assault. The silat example can keep himself from being assaulted by pointing the assault which he has gotten to another heading.  (Shapie et al., 2013).

xii.    Dodge
The evade ‘elakan’ technique is carried out by silat exponent when he tries to evade an attack. This technique does not require the silat exponent to touch the opponent in fending off the attack. (Shapie et al., 2013).

xiii.  Others
Is the basic commands. The referee will say ‘Mulai’ meaning ‘Begin’ to start the game and ‘Berhenti’ also known as ‘Stop’ to stop the fight.

Reliability of observation
In a 3 matches, the author analyzed all the activities and simultaneously classified each change of motion. Experienced silat practitioner is required to analyze data as the movement of both exponents is quick and it need close review. The classification of movement was subjective with work being classified according to the instruction given by the referee.

Statistical analysis:
All the raw data generated by the FOCUS System was exported into Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet and then transferred into SPSS for more detailed analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted by using Statistical Package for Social Scientists, Version 21.

Results:
The result has been showed in the table below which is all action that have been analyzed. There are three outcomes based on the observation from the video matches, such as hit target, hit elsewhere and miss opponent. Two of this matches, had won by Indonesia in quarter final and semi final match.

Frequency of action and outcome recorded
Table 1. Quater Final match Indonesia versus Singapore female Class C (Indonesian won)
Action
Outcome
Winner
Loser
Total

HT
HE
MO
NA
HT
HE
MO
NA
Block



1




1
Block and Kick









Block and Punch









Block and Sweep









Kick
5
17


4
22

1
49
Fake Kick









Punch




4
3


7
Fake Punch
1


5
2


1
9
Self-release









Topple
1







1
Sweep
1
7
1





9
Catch
2



5



7
Dodge









Others









Total
10
24
1
6
15
25

2
83
*Notes: HT=Hit Target HE=Hit Elsewhere MO=Miss Opponent NA=Not Available

Frequency profile of match
Table 1.2. Quarter Final match Indonesia versus Singapore female Class C (Indonesia won)
Exponent
Punch
Kick
Topple
Sweep
Total
Winner

22
1
9
32
Loser
7
27


27
Total
7
49
1
9
59

Frequency of action and outcome recorded
Table 2. Semi Final match Indonesia versus Philippines female Class C (Indonesia won)
Action
Outcome
Winner
Loser
Total

HT
HE
MO
NA
HT
HE
MO
NA
Block
5



2



7
Block and Kick









Block and Punch









Block and Sweep









Kick
13
21

5
8
27

5
79
Fake Kick







1
1
Punch
3



6
1


10
Fake Punch




1


6
7
Self-release




2



2
Topple
1







1
Sweep
1
2
2





5
Catch

2



1


3
Dodge









Others









Total
23
25
2
5
19
29

12
115
*Notes: HT=Hit Target HE=Hit Elsewhere MO=Miss Opponent NA=Not Available

Frequency profile of match
Table 2.1. Semi final match Indonesia versus Philippines female Class C (Indonesia won)
Exponent
Punch
Kick
Topple
Sweep
Total
Winner
3
39
2
5
49
Loser
7
40


47
Total
10
79
2
5
96

Frequency of action and outcome recorded
Table 3. Match Final Vietnam versus Indonesia female Class C (Vietnam won)
Action
Outcome
Winner
Loser
Total

HT
HE
MO
NA
HT
HE
MO
NA
Block
1
4



5
2

12
Block and Kick




3
5


8
Block and Punch









Block and Sweep









Kick
13
2
2

14
5
6

42
Fake Kick



96



1
97
Punch









Fake Punch









Self-release
1



2

1

4
Topple
3
1
4


1
3

12
Sweep


7

1
2
2

12
Catch
5
3
2

2
1
22

35
Dodge
5
3
1

2
3
2

16
Others



29



29
58
Total
28
13
16
125
24
22
38
30
296
*Notes: HT=Hit Target HE=Hit Elsewhere MO=Miss Opponent NA=Not Available

Frequency profile of match
Table 3.1 Vietnam versus Indonesia female Class C (Vietnam won)
Exponent
Punch
Kick
Topple
Sweep
Total
Winner

17
8
7
32
Loser

25
4
5
34
Total

42
12
12
66

Discussion:
Based on the data collected and results has shown, Indonesia was won for two times in match Quarter final Indonesia versus Singapore and Semi final Indonesia versus Philippines. Indonesia just once lose to the exponents from Vietnam in final match. The losing team makes less movement than the winning team.
From the first match result Indonesia versus Singapore women category which Indonesia was won this match. Match between Nurul Shafiqa from Singapore and Wewey Wita from Indonesia. The factor of the team Indonesia won the match are based on the actions and the outcome which are shown at Table 1. The researcher had observed from that Indonesia was performed the sweep action more than the opponents. Wewey Wita got her points from 9 sweeps and 1 topple and Singapore has doing any of the motions. From the result, can see that punch technique is rarely been used by both competitors for every round.
Next, the second match result which is Indonesia versus Philippines, and had won by Indonesia. Match between Clyde Joy from Philippines and Wewey Wita from Indonesia. Based on the result, Wewey Wita was performed the sweep action more than the opponents. Indonesia team perform well in kick, sweep and topple. Especially in kicking she did like almost 39 kick and for sweep and topple both were 5 and 2.
The third match was between Indonesia and Vietnam, and the match won by Vietnam. Match between Thi Loan from Vietnam and Wewey Wita from Indonesia. Based on the frequency action tables, Vietnam was very aggressive in attacking Indonesia. Indonesia gives the opportunity to Indonesia to make more attacking during match. From the observation, Vietnam did 8 sweep and 7 topple during total round in the match and lead the game. Indonesia doing less sweep and topple also no punch at all from both of the exponents.
All the winner were performed more action on topple and sweep rather than the exponents from the loser.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, this study shows the activity profile that might be the winning factor in SEA Games Singapore 2015. Based on the researcher, punch hit target, kick hit target, sweep, and topple skill was mostly used for winning team (Anuar, 1993). From the observation, the winner team used a lot of technique and action that involve the higher point such as topple and sweep. Both competitors for every matches also less using a punch. From all the video notated, Indonesia team showed and performed a good game during the matches. This analyze showed that the correct and effective technical and tactical are the main factors to win the match.

References:
Sport Singapore. (2015) Pencak Silat Tanding Women’s Class C Quater Final INA vs SIN (Day 6) 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWJhMdXN1Ms
Sport Singapore. (2015) Pencak Silat Tanding Women’s  Class C Semi Final PHI vs INA (Day 8) 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7d9BCCj-DIE
Sport Singapore. (2015) Pencak Silat Tanding Women’s Class C Final VIE vs INA (Day 9) 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbTydViG6pU
A. Anuar. (1993). Silat olahraga (2nd edn.). The art, technique and regulations: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.
A. A. Wahab. (1989). Silat olahraga: The art, techniques and regulations: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.
Aziz, A. R., Tan, B., & Teh, K. C. (2002). Physiological responses during matches and profile of elite pencak silat exponents. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 1, 147-155.
D. Farrer. (2009). Seni silat haqq melayu: A sufi martial art Shadows of the prophet (pp. 3-42): Springer.
Latiff, Z. A. (2012). Revisiting Pencak Silat: The MALAY Martial Arts in Theatre Practice and Actor Training. Asian Theatre Journal 29(2), 379-401. University of Hawai'i Press. Retrieved April 7, 2017, from Project MUSE database.
M. M. Shapie, J. Oliver, P. O’Donoghue, & R. Tong. (2013). Activity profile during action time in national silat competition. Journal of Combat Sports and Martial Arts., 1(2), 81-86.
N. Shapie, J. Oliver, P. O'Donoghue, & R. Tong. (2013). Activity profile during action time in national silat competition. Journal of Combat Sport and Martial Arts, 4(1), 81-85.
S. Lenetsky, R. J. Nates, M. Brughelli, & N. K. Harris. (2015). Is effective mass in combat sport punching above its weight? Human Movement Science, 40, 89-97.
Widiastuti, W. (2014). Using game approach in improving learning outcomes of pencak silat. Asian Social Science, 10(5), 168.
Wilson, I. D. (2003). The politics of inner power: the practice of Pencak Silat in West Java (Doctoral dissertation, Murdoch University).
Vincent, P., Nizan, M. S. M., & Julinamary, P. (2015). Motives of taking part in MALAY Silat, Karate-Do and Taekwondo. Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology, 15(3), 22-26.

Recommendations:
 The researcher recommended that both defensive and offensive movements should be balances in their training program. Coaches must play a role to teach and develop the kind of skills to their athletes. While, the technique need to be perfect to ensure that athletes can earn points and win the match. Therefore, it is important for the athletes to do more practice, especially the sweep and topple skill. This is because it has a big points, and may contribute to the scoring points if the athletes can perform well the action in the match. Moreover, the exponents also should be alert and focus the opponents’ weakness. The athletes should know how to read the match.

 Appendices
Match 1. Quarter final match Indonesia vs. Singapore female Class C (Indonesia won)
Statistics

WinnerC
LoserC
N
Valid
32
27
Missing
0
5
Mean
2.59
2.00
Std. Error of Mean
.161
.000
Std. Deviation
.911
.000
Variance
.830
.000
Range
2
0

WinnerC

Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
kick
22
68.8
68.8
68.8
topple
1
3.1
3.1
71.9
sweep
9
28.1
28.1
100.0
Total
32
100.0
100.0


LoserC

Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
kick
27
84.4
100.0
100.0
Missing
System
5
15.6


Total
32
100.0





Match 2. Semi final match Indonesia vs. Philippine female Class C (Indonesia won)
Statistics

WinnerC
LoserC
N
Valid
49
47
Missing
0
2
Mean
2.12
1.85
Std. Error of Mean
.081
.052
Std. Deviation
.564
.360
Variance
.318
.130
Range
3
1


WinnerC

Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
punch
3
6.1
6.1
6.1
kick
39
79.6
79.6
85.7
topple
5
10.2
10.2
95.9
sweep
2
4.1
4.1
100.0
Total
49
100.0
100.0



LoserC

Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
punch
7
14.3
14.9
14.9
kick
40
81.6
85.1
100.0
Total
47
95.9
100.0

Missing
System
2
4.1


Total
49
100.0






Match 3. Final match Vietnam vs. Indonesia female Class C (Vietnam won)
Statistics

WinnerC
LoserC
N
Valid
32
34
Missing
2
0
Mean
2.69
2.41
Std. Error of Mean
.145
.127
Std. Deviation
.821
.743
Variance
.673
.553
Range
2
2

WinnerC

Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
kick
17
50.0
53.1
53.1
topple
8
23.5
25.0
78.1
sweep
7
20.6
21.9
100.0
Total
32
94.1
100.0

Missing
System
2
5.9


Total
34
100.0



LoserC

Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
kick
25
73.5
73.5
73.5
topple
4
11.8
11.8
85.3
sweep
5
14.7
14.7
100.0
Total
34
100.0
100.0











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